Coping is often defined as efforts to prevent or diminish the threat, harm, and loss, or to reduce associated distress (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010, p. 685). PsyCap is defined as an, individuals positive psychological state of development characterized by (1) having confidence (self-efficacy) to take on and put in the necessary effort to succeed at challenging tasks; (2) making a positive attribution (optimism) about succeeding now and in the future; (3) persevering toward goals and, when necessary, redirecting paths to goals (hope) in order to succeed; and (4) when beset by problems and adversity, sustaining and bouncing back and even beyond (resilience) to attain success. Pandemic-Related Stress and Other Emotional Difficulties in a Sample of Men and Women Living in Romantic Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Results revealed that well-being was significantly lower during COVID-19 compared to before the onset of the pandemic. Torinomi C, Lindenberg K, Mltner A, Herpertz SC, Holm-Hadulla RM. (2007) developed PsyCap from research in positive organizational behavior and positive psychology. B. Youth can Thus, based on the current results and on the participatory model of intervention, a support program for students is proposed which would involve psychological, organizational, and instrumental support. Partial eta squared was reported as the measure of effect size. Specifically, we found coping through self-blame playing a mediating role between PERMA factors and two of the HERO dimensionsresilience and hope. Int J Environ Res Public Health. In this context, positive coping strategies and PsyCap may be increasingly valuable assets for university students to address the psychological challenges associated with this pandemic and to maintain or enhance their well-being. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most Research Question 2 Overall, as seen in Table 1, all three variables studiedPsyCap HERO dimensions, eight PERMA elements, and coping strategieswere highly related. American Psychological Association. However, during the pandemic, the covariance of the PsyCap dimensions with well-being increased to 39% (R2 = .39, p < .01). de la Fuente, J., Lahortiga-Ramos, F., Laspra-Solis, C., Maestro-Martin, C., Alustiza, I., Auba, E., & Martin-Lanas, R. (2020). During the pandemic, optimism, hope, and resiliency have been significant predictors of well-being. (F. Luthans et al., 2015, p. 2). (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2011.609844, Luthans, F., Avey, J. Cleveland, B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., & Combs, G. M. (2006). The International Association of Counseling Services, Inc., 2008 [cited 2021 Feb 23]. Indirect effects describing pathways from PsyCap factors to PERMA factors through identified coping strategies were tested for mediating roles. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Medicine, Psychology. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. In January 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a new coronavirus disease, COVID-19, to be a public health emergency of international concern, and the effects continue to be widespread and ongoing. Studies show that all five pillars of well-being in the PERMA model are associated with better academic outcomes in students, such as improved college life adjustment, achievement, and overall life satisfaction (Butler & Kern, 2016; DeWitz et al., 2009; Tansey et al., 2018). Our mental health is in constant flux and ebbs and flows on a daily basis. 2022 Nov 1;19(21):14282. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114282. The current study investigated the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) with university students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the relationships between PsyCap (F. Luthans et al., 2007), coping strategies, and well-being of university students. WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). The experiences and emotional responses of finalyear nursing students who volunteered to carry out healthcare relief tasks during the peak of the COVID19 pandemic were explored, and the coping strategies they adopted to deal with this situation were identified. Disengagement coping includes responses such as avoidance, denial, and wishful thinking, as well as aspects of emotion-focused coping, because it involves an attempt to escape feelings of distress (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010; de la Fuente et al., 2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1469738, Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). These feelings are normal. For example, optimism became the strongest predictor of overall well-being and hope emerged as a predictor of engagement, meaning, accomplishment, and physical health during the pandemic. Therefore, this Web-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among university students from Given findings of the relationship between PsyCap and well-being in the current study, as well as in prior research (F. Luthans et al., 2006; F. Luthans et al., 2015; McGonigal, 2015), counselors may wish to focus on developing PsyCap to help university students flourish both during the pandemic and in a post-pandemic world. -. To this end, in 2020, a sample of Polish students was anonymously measured using the Mini-COPE questionnaire. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000175, Johnson, R. (2020). Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). Coping strategies were evaluated using the Brief COPE questionnaire (Carver, 1997), which is a short form (28 items) of the original COPE inventory (Carver et al., 1989). Coping strategies with insignificant mediating role are not included in the table. Front. Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. ), Handbook of emotions (pp. McGonigal, J. Identify strategies to use to take care of your body, your mind, your spirit, your relationships, your work. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Grieve those losses, then reframe how you think about these life events. COVID-19 has led to global dramatic shifts in daily life. The predictive role of hope was negligible before COVID-19. Students at a United States university (N = 769) completed an online survey during fall 2020 and spring 2021 semesters. Universities across the country closed for in-person instruction and activities, transitioning to remote learning. Researchers have recommended coping skills training for university students to modify maladaptive coping strategies and enhance pre-existing adaptive coping styles The PCQ-12 utilizes a 6-point Likert scale with response options ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Results indicated that PsyCap affected well-being both directly and indirectly through coping strategies. Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. An invitation to participate, which included a link to an informed consent form and the survey, was distributed to all university students at two large U.S. public institutions in the Midwest and the South via campus-wide electronic mailing lists. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of universities worldwide. The coping strategy of behavioral disengagement (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 7. Risk perceptions, fear, depression, anxiety, stress and coping among Saudi nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Internalizing and Externalizing Disorder Levels among Adolescents: Data from Poland. These are potential areas of practice for college counselors and counselors serving university students. Stress, coping and gender differences in third year medical students. Northwestern University. Predictors of Students' Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Impact of Coping Strategies, Sense of Coherence, and Social Support. These patterns are primarily driven by those with more negative experiences of the pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00306, Carver, C. S. (1997). After a thorough review of the literature, three standardized measures were identified for use in the study along with a brief survey for demographic information. Try to create a separate work space, although you should reserve your sleeping area for sleeping. A single overall flourishing score provides a global indication of well-being, and at the same time, the domain-specific PERMA scores provide meaningful and practical benefits with regard to the possibility of targeted interventions. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6). Careers. Findings on the effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategies versus emotion-focused coping strategies suggest the effectiveness of the particular strategy is contingent on the context, with controllable issues being better addressed through problem-focused strategies, while emotion-focused strategies are more effective with circumstances that cannot be controlled (Finkelstein-Fox & Park, 2019). Students use of self-blame (mean) and sources of expected support during the COVID-19, MeSH All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. (2017). Students substance use (mean) and, Fig 8. WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. We utilized a correlational cross-sectional study design; therefore, although PsyCap was predictive of change in well-being before and during COVID-19, neither causation nor directionality can be assumed. Health Psychology Review, 13(2), 137162. Would you like email updates of new search results? Jardin, C., Mayorga, N. A., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., Sharp, C., Cardoso, J. Gallup. PERMA-Profiler Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F., & Hirst, G. (2014). Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). The first pillar, positive emotion (P), is the affective component comprising the feelings of joy, hope, pleasure, rapture, happiness, and contentment. Legal Notice | Privacy Policy, 11235 Bellflower Road Research Question 3 The uncertainty about what comes next. The use of LMS in learning activities can be done anywhere. Coping Strategies as a Mediator Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e20185. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social distancing, lockdowns, cancelled or limited leisure activities and tutorials and supervision for students taking place digital. 2021. You can only control your own thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. (2015). Physical health significantly reduced from 6.58 to 5.91. You might have lost funding or your job. Fig 3. Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. Psychological Capital Questionnaire Short Version (PCQ-12) Additionally, each pillar of PERMA has been shown to be positively associated with physical health, optimal well-being, and life satisfaction and negatively correlated with depression, fatigue, anxiety, perceived stress, loneliness, and negative emotion (Butler & Kern, 2016). How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. Significant risk factors were poor health, prior trauma, poor family functioning, Its enough to let them know theyre not alone. Positivity: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x. Am J Orthopsychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063414526124, Masten, A. S. (2001). The experience of emotional wellbeing. WebCOVID-19 Coping Strategies. Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. 405415). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127152. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 26(3), 329347. WebCoping Strategies Used by Student Nurses during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Literature Review. A variety of free online assessments are also available for use by counselors, including tools that measure well-being, positive psychological resources, and character strengths of university students in addition to existing assessment batteries. (2018). (Eds.). Or maybe youve stayed put and worry about your family. Prior to COVID-19, the PsyCap dimensions of optimism and self-efficacy were significant predictors of well-being. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(1): 355. Worry and stress fuel record drop in U.S. life satisfaction. Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that PsyCap predicted well-being, and structural equation modeling demonstrated the mediating role of coping strategies between PsyCap and well-being. Get enough sleep. Students practiced their emerging skills in simulated emergency scenarios. Check in with your child frequently and listen to their concerns. It is this balance of positive and negative emotions that contributes to life satisfaction (Diener & Larsen, 1993), and our findings support the notion that fostering particular positive psychological states (PsyCap), as well as engaging in related coping strategies, promotes well-being in the context of this large-scale crisis. Mental health and behavior of college students during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal smartphone and ecological momentary assessment study. Another thing you cant control? Get up, go to bed and do your work at the same time every day. Mental Health of Students at Polish Universities after Two Years of the Outbreak of COVID-19. 44106-7164, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, COVID-19: Our Body, Our Brains, Our Trauma. Wang X, Hegde S, Son C, Keller B, Smith A, Sasangohar F. J Med Internet Res. BackgroundThe COVID-19 crisis has introduced a variety of stressors, while simultaneously decreasing the availability of strategies to cope with stress. Guilford. Talarowska M, Rucka K, Kowalczyk M, Chodkiewicz J, Kowalczyk E, Karbownik MS, Sienkiewicz M. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Adaptive coping strategies were also conducive to well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 20(1), 5165. Indirect Effect of Psychological Capital on PERMA Factors Through Coping Strategies (Mediators), Note. As teachers, it is essential to listen to students' concerns and demonstrate understanding as well as empathy. Indeed, optimism and hope each uniquely predict a major proportion of variance of the change in well-being and may together help students to face an uncertain future (M. W. Gallagher & Lopez, 2009). Flourishing: The PERMA Well-Being Model The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life. Find activities that engage different parts of yourself. The overall reliability coefficient of well-being items is very high ( = .94). Madhyastha, S., Latha, K. S., & Kamath, A. Simon & Schuster. Psychological Capital (PsyCap) Stress Health, 31(3), 180188. Other coping strategies, such as denial, self-blame, distraction, and substance use, are more often associated with negative emotions, such as shame, guilt, lower perception of self-efficacy, and psychological distress, rather than making efforts to remediate them (Billings & Moos, 1984). Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure School child wearing face mask during corona virus and flu outbreak. Support expected during the pandemic:. Among the PERMA elements, engagement and physical health were least impacted by COVID-19, whereas students experiences of positive emotion and negative emotion were the factors that were largely affected. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/coronavirus-survey. Interventions that are described as well-being approaches rather than those that highlight pathologies are less stigmatizing (Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010; Umucu et al., 2020) than traditional deficit-based therapeutic approaches. Coping Strategies Thus, from a pedagogical and psychological point of view, it is pertinent to examine the students' strategies of coping with stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The predictive role of PsyCap on well-being at two time points (before and after the onset of COVID-19) was analyzed using multivariate multiple regression (see Table 2). Stumbling on happiness. Structural equation modeling was used to examine whether coping strategies mediate PsyCaps effect on well-being. Twenge, J. M. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1546182, Wan, W. (2020). Peter C. Mather, PhD, is a professor and department chair at Ohio University. Alsolais A, Alquwez N, Alotaibi KA, Alqarni AS, Almalki M, Alsolami F, Almazan J, Cruz JP. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013, Rabenu, E., Yaniv, E., & Elizur, D. (2017). The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. Cluster analysis for strategies of. Point-biserial correlation In this study, we explored these questions with a sample of graduate and 2023 Feb 10;13(2):429-439. doi: 10.3390/ejihpe13020032. Assessing college life adjustment of students with disabilities: Application of the PERMA framework. If youre a psychology graduate student on a clinical track, youre probably helping patients manage the same anxieties youre facing yourself. I find Docmerit to be authentic, easy to use and a community with quality notes and study tips. Depression is a state of low mood that can lead to several negative outcomes on thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and even physical state. A suffering generation: Six factors contributing to the mental health crisis in North American higher education. Fourteen conceptually differentiable coping strategies are measured by the Brief COPE (Carver, 1997): active coping, planning, using emotional support, using instrumental support, venting, positive reframing, acceptance, denial, self-blame, humor, religion, self-distraction, substance use, and behavioral disengagement. (2019). To combat isolation, come together with your dorm-mates or graduate school cohort via technology. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2623. Key findings are that the optimism, hope, and resilience dimensions of PsyCap are significant predictors of well-being, explaining a large amount of variance, with adaptive coping being conducive to flourishing. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Investigating Mental Health of US College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. These strategies can be harmful and unhealthy with regard to effectively coping with stressors. Coping Through the Coronavirus. The coronavirus pandemic is pushing America into a mental health crisis. Age was positively correlated with change in PERMA elements, but not gender. Computer Human Behavior, 69, 19. Participants were asked to complete the well-being assessment twicefirst, by responding as they recalled their well-being prior to COVID-19, and second, by responding as they reflected on their well-being during the pandemic. The average scores of negative emotion and loneliness increased from 4.46 and 3.86 to 5.85 and 5.94, respectively. Journal of Management Development, 35(9), 10981118. Webstudents felt a lack of motivation, anxiety, stress, and isolation. The PERMA-Profiler (Butler & Kern, 2016) is a 23-item self-report measure that assesses the level of well-being across five well-being domains (i.e., positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment) and additional subscales that measure negative emotion, loneliness, and physical health. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034355217702136. Researchers have also examined the mediating role of PsyCap in the relationship between positive emotion and academic performance (Carmona-Halty et al., 2019; Hazan Liran & Miller, 2019; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012; K. W. Luthans et al., 2016); relationships and predictions between PsyCap and mental health in university students (Selvaraj & Bhat, 2018); and relationships between PsyCap, well-being, and coping (Rabenu et al., 2017). Book ReviewCollege Counseling and Student Development: Theory, Practice, and Campus Collaboration, Reflections on Power From Feminist Women Counselor Educators, Evaluating the Impact of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy on Hope and Clinical Symptoms With Latine Clients, Guidelines and Recommendations for Writing a Rigorous Quantitative Methods Section in Counseling and Related Fields. Even something as simple as turning on your webcam during virtual classes can help you and others feel more connected. However, there is a paucity of research to address the possible impacts of the pedagogical shift integrated into new online platforms on learning, interaction, and assessment, especially in higher education settings from the vantage point of EFL 10.3390/ijerph18010355 The Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 282294. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 1(2), 5372. Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives. Flatt, A. K. (2013). https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0049. Correlation analyses (see Table 1) revealed significant and positive correlations between four PsyCap HERO dimensions (i.e., hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism; Avey, Avolio et al., 2011) and the six PERMA elements (i.e., positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment, and physical health; Butler & Kern, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.004, Avey, J. This study is qualitative research with a case Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. As a flexible learning method, most schools chose online distance learning (ODL). For university students, the pandemic brought about disruptions to life as they knew it. Finkelstein-Fox, L., & Park, C. L. (2019). https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197, Klussman, K., Nichols, A. L., Langer, J., & Curtin, N. (2020). Umucu, E., Wu, J.-R., Sanchez, J., Brooks, J. M., Chiu, C.-Y., Tu, W.-M., & Chan, F. (2020). You may have returned home, where youre missing friends and finding studying difficult. Now is my chance to help others. With schools around the country closed, students are facing unprecedented change. Mediator coping strategies. Babicka-Wirkus A, Kozowski P, Wirkus , Stasiak K. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Predicting PERMA Elements From Psychological Capital Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19. Moderate level of perceived stress is indicated among the BSc Nursing students studying in nursing colleges located in Pune, with mean perceived stress score of the students Nurses being 21.88, and the mean coping strategies score was 74.38. While modeling good behavior and staying safe yourself, recognize that you cant control what other people do. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008. Coping strategies that predicted change in PERMA were used for mediation analysis. Coping with this stress may help you. Atria Books. Weband is associated with psychosocial coping skills and resources, degree of experienced psy- university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A machine learning approach. Limit your media consumption. In future, researchers may wish to investigate whether PsyCap predicts longitudinal changes in well-being in the COVID-19 context. The COVID-19 pandemic may be stressful. The PCQ-12 (Avey, Avolio et al., 2011), the shortened version of PCQ-24 (F. Luthans et al., 2007), consists of 12 items that measure four HERO dimensions: hope (four items), self-efficacy (three items), resilience (three items), and optimism (two items), together forming the construct of psychological capital (PsyCap). You want to measure coping but your protocols too long: Consider the Brief COPE. Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Two significant challenges to counseling professionals on college campuses are the lack of resources to adequately respond to mental health concerns among students and the stigma associated with accessing services (R. P. Gallagher, 2014; Michaels et al., 2015).
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